feat(sql): Add a domain type for URL safe IDs

This creates a new domain in SQL that constrains the characters of an ID
to the unreserved character set defined RFC 3986 Section 2.3.

internal/db/schema/migrations/oss/postgres/80/01_history_domain.up.sql

@@ -16,4 +16,18 @@ begin;
   comment on function wt_encode_base64_url_safe is
     'Encodes binary data into URL safe base64';
 
+  -- wt_url_safe_id is a domain that constrains the characters of a value to the
+  -- unreserved character set defined RFC 3986 Section 2.3. The valid characters are
+  -- the ASCII characters in the 'a-z', 'A-Z', or '0-9' ranges plus the four ASCII
+  -- characters '~', '-', '.', and '_'.
+  --
+  -- See https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986.html#section-2.3
+  create domain wt_url_safe_id as text
+    constraint wt_url_safe_id_can_only_contain_unreserved_characters
+      check (value ~ '^[a-zA-Z0-9\-~\._]+$')
+    constraint wt_url_safe_id_must_be_more_than_10_characters
+      check (length(trim(value)) > 10);
+  comment on domain wt_url_safe_id is
+    'An ID that contains only URL safe characters';
+
 commit;

internal/db/sqltest/tests/history/wt_url_safe_id_domain.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+-- Copyright (c) HashiCorp, Inc.
+-- SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+begin;
+  select plan(10);
+
+  select has_domain('wt_url_safe_id');
+  select domain_type_is('wt_url_safe_id', 'text');
+
+  create table test_table (
+    id wt_url_safe_id primary key
+  );
+
+  prepare insert_valid_ids as
+    insert into test_table
+    values ('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789~-._'),
+           ('__________a'), ('__________1'), ('__________~'), ('__________-'), ('__________.'), ('___________');
+
+  select lives_ok('insert_valid_ids', 'Inserting IDs with valid characters should not cause an error');
+
+  prepare insert_slash as insert into test_table values ('/0123456789');
+  select throws_like('insert_slash', '%"wt_url_safe_id_can_only_contain_unreserved_characters"', 'Inserting an ID with the "/" character should cause an error');
+
+  prepare insert_plus as insert into test_table values ('+0123456789');
+  select throws_like('insert_plus', '%"wt_url_safe_id_can_only_contain_unreserved_characters"', 'Inserting an ID with the "+" character should cause an error');
+
+  prepare insert_equals as insert into test_table values ('=0123456789');
+  select throws_like('insert_equals', '%"wt_url_safe_id_can_only_contain_unreserved_characters"', 'Inserting an ID with the "=" character should cause an error');
+
+  prepare insert_percent as insert into test_table values ('%0123456789');
+  select throws_like('insert_percent', '%"wt_url_safe_id_can_only_contain_unreserved_characters"', 'Inserting an ID with the "%" character should cause an error');
+
+  prepare insert_empty as insert into test_table values ('           ');
+  select throws_like('insert_empty', '%"wt_url_safe_id_can_only_contain_unreserved_characters"', 'Inserting an empty ID should cause an error');
+
+  prepare update_to_invalid as
+    update test_table
+       set id = '/0123456789'
+     where id = '__________a';
+  select throws_like('update_to_invalid', '%"wt_url_safe_id_can_only_contain_unreserved_characters"', 'Changing an ID to an invalid character should cause an error');
+
+  prepare update_to_valid as
+    update test_table
+       set id = '0123456789a'
+     where id = '__________a';
+  select lives_ok('update_to_valid', 'Changing an ID to another valid ID should not cause an error');
+  select * from finish();
+rollback;